How heat treatments and design influence the mechanical properties of NiTi endodontic instruments: a comprehensive review
Authors
Raimundo Sales de Oliveira Neto, Guilherme Ferreira da Silva, Abel Victor Isidro Teves Cordova, Diego Rafael Nespeque Correa, Murilo Priori Alcalde, Marco Antonio Hungaro DuarteFiles
Key Information
Journal
Published in Vol. 6 No. 1 (2026) of Brazilian Endodontic Journal.
About the JournalAbstract
The evolution of nickel-titanium metallurgy has significantly changed endodontic instrumentation, with thermomechanical treatments fundamentally altering the phase transformation behavior and mechanical properties of endodontic files. This review comprehensively examines the relationship between phase transformation temperatures, particularly the austenite finish (Af) temperature, and the heat treatments and cross-section design of the NiTi alloys, including conventional superelastic alloys, M-Wire, R-phase, CM Wire, and Blue and Gold systems. The position of the Af temperature relative to body temperature (37°C) is the primary determinant of the crystallographic structure, directly governing the balance among flexibility, cyclic fatigue resistance, and torsional strength. Conventional austenitic alloys, characterized by Af below 37°C, provide superior cutting efficiency and torsional resistance but are compromised by lower flexibility and reduced cyclic fatigue life, particularly in curved canals. In contrast, martensitic and mixed-phase alloys prioritize flexibility and cyclic fatigue resistance at the expense of torsional strength. Furthermore, taper, cross-sectional geometry, and central core diameter modulate these mechanical properties, with triangular and double S-shaped designs maximizing fatigue life and flexibility, whereas square cross-sections confer greater stiffness and buckling resistance. The clinical selection of endodontic files must be guided by the integration of alloy composition, phase transformation behavior, cross-sectional design, tailored to the specific anatomical demands of each case.
References
1. Kauffman GB, Mayo I. The Story of Nitinol: The Serendipitous Discovery of the Memory Metal and Its Applications. The Chemical Educator 1997;2:1–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00897970111a.
2. Kaviya M, Vignesh M, Gaba S. In vitro cytotoxic assessment of a wire arc additively manufactured NiTi wall for biomedical applications. Sci Rep. 2026 May 6. doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-51971-4.
3. Gholizadeh S, Sivarasu S. Nitinol shape memory alloy (NiTi SMA): Materials and applications in medical devices. J Appl Biomater Funct Mater. 2026 Jan-Dec;24:22808000261453192. doi.org/10.1177/22808000261453192.
4. Kolasa J, Taratuta A, Rynkus B, Lisoń-Kubica J, Wilk K, Orłowska A, Krzywiecki M, Bodzenta J, Szawiraacz K, Čech Barabaszová K, Holešová S, Ziębowicz A, Major R, Kurtyka P, Staniek M, Basiaga M. Surface Engineering of NiTi via Ta2O5 ALD: Stability Assessment of Barrier Properties against Exposure to Simulated Physiological Solution. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2026;18(19):27264-27280. doi: 10.1021/acsami.4c22646.
5. Walia HM, Brantley WA, Gerstein H. An initial investigation of the bending and torsional properties of Nitinol root canal files. J Endod. 1988;14(7):346-51. doi: 10.1016/s0099-2399(88)80196-1.
6. Thompson SA. An overview of nickel-titanium alloys used in dentistry. Int Endod J. 2000;33(4):297–310. doi.org/10.1046/J.1365-2591.2000.00339. X PubMed PMID: 11307203.
7. Zanza A, Reda R, Testarelli L. Nickel-Titanium Rotary Instruments: Mechanical and Metallurgical Characteristics. Clin Pract. 2022;12(1):94–6. doi:10.3390/CLINPRACT12010012.
8. Kuhn G, Tavernier B, Jordan L. Influence of structure on nickel-titanium endodontic instruments failure. J Endod. 2001;27(8):516–20. doi:10.1097/00004770-200108000-00005.
9. Kuhn G, Jordan L. Fatigue and mechanical properties of nickel-titanium endodontic instruments. J Endod. 2002;28(10):716–20. doi:10.1097/00004770-200210000-00009.
10. Gavini G, dos Santos M, Caldeira CL, Machado ME de L, Freire LG, Iglecias EF, et al. Nickel–titanium instruments in endodontics: a concise review of the state of the art. Braz Oral Res. 2018;32:e67. doi:10.1590/1807-3107BOR-2018.VOL32.0067.
11. Alrahabi M. Comparative study of root-canal shaping with stainless steel and rotary NiTi files performed by preclinical dental students. Technol Health Care. 2015;23(3):257–65. doi:10.3233/THC-150895.
12. Del Fabbro M, Afrashtehfar KI, Corbella S, El-Kabbaney A, Perondi I, Taschieri S. In Vivo and In Vitro Effectiveness of Rotary Nickel-Titanium vs Manual Stainless Steel Instruments for Root Canal Therapy: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Evid Based Dent Pract. 2018;18(1):59–69. doi:10.1016/J.JEBDP.2017.08.001.
13. Sattapan B, Nervo GJ, Palamara JE, Messer HH. Defects in rotary nickel-titanium files after clinical use. J Endod. 2000;26(3):161–5. doi:10.1097/00004770-200003000-00008.
14. Martins JNR, Martins RF, Braz Fernandes FM, Silva EJNL. What Meaningful Information Are the Instruments Mechanical Testing Giving Us? A Comprehensive Review. J Endod. 2022;48(8):985–1004. doi:10.1016/J.JOEN.2022.05.007.
15. Silva EJNL da, Martins JNR, Versiani MA. NiTi instruments in endodontics: contemporary concepts, principles, and practical guidance. Braz Oral Res. 2026;40:e027. doi:10.1590/1807-3107BOR-2026.VOL40.027.
16. Goo HJ, Kwak SW, Ha JH, Pedullà E, Kim HC. Mechanical Properties of Various Heat-treated Nickel-titanium Rotary Instruments. J Endod. 2017;43(11):1872–7. doi:10.1016/J.JOEN.2017.05.025.
17. Zupanc J, Vahdat-Pajouh N, Schäfer E. New thermomechanically treated NiTi alloys - a review. Int Endod J. 2018;51(10):1088–103. doi:10.1111/IEJ.12924.
18. Liang Y, Yue L. Evolution and development: engine-driven endodontic rotary nickel-titanium instruments. Int J Oral Sci. 2022;14(1). doi:10.1038/S41368-021-00154-0.
19. Shen Y, Zhou HM, Zheng YF, Campbell L, Peng B, Haapasalo M. Metallurgical characterization of controlled memory wire nickel-titanium rotary instruments. J Endod. 2011;37(11):1566–71. doi:10.1016/J.JOEN.2011.08.005.
20. Teves Cordova AV isidro, Alcalde MP, Vivan RR, Zevallos Quiroz CA, Guzmán HP, Calefi PS, et al. Impact of Metallurgical Features on the Cyclic and Torsional Properties of Five Reciprocating Instruments Manufactured With Blue Thermal Treatment. Microsc Res Tech. 2025;88(7):1979–88. doi:10.1002/jemt.24840.
21. Xi S, Su Y. Phase Field Study of the Microstructural Dynamic Evolution and Mechanical Response of NiTi Shape Memory Alloy under Mechanical Loading. Materials (Basel). 2021;14(1):1–16. doi:10.3390/MA14010183.
22. Li P, Wang Y, Meng F, Cao L, He Z. Effect of Heat Treatment Temperature on Martensitic Transformation and Superelasticity of the Ti49Ni51 Shape Memory Alloy. Materials (Basel). 2019;12(16):2539. doi:10.3390/MA12162539.
23. Shen Y, Zhou HM, Zheng YF, Peng B, Haapasalo M. Current challenges and concepts of the thermomechanical treatment of nickel-titanium instruments. J Endod. 2013;39(2):163–72. doi:10.1016/J.JOEN.2012.11.005.
24. Zinelis S, Darabara M, Takase T, Ogane K, Papadimitriou GD. The effect of thermal treatment on the resistance of nickel-titanium rotary files in cyclic fatigue. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. junho de 2007;103(6):843–7. doi:10.1016/J.TRIPLEO.2006.12.026.
25. Weissheimer T, Duarte MAH, Marcus Vinicius Reis S, da Rosa RA, Espinosa MK, Vivan RR, et al. Evaluation of cyclic and torsional fatigue resistance of several heat-treated reciprocating nickel–titanium instruments. Australian Endodontic Journal. 1o de dezembro de 2023;49(3):524–9. doi:10.1111/aej.12774.
26. Vivan RR, Costa VASM, Conti LC, Duque JA, Bramante CM, Só MVR, Alcalde MP, Duarte MAH. Effect of nickel-titanium alloys on root canal preparation and on mechanical properties of rotary instruments. Braz Oral Res. 2022;36:e085. doi: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2022.vol36.0085.
27. Alcalde MP, Tanomaru-Filho M, Bramante CM, Duarte MAH, Guerreiro-Tanomaru JM, Camilo-Pinto J, et al. Cyclic and Torsional Fatigue Resistance of Reciprocating Single Files Manufactured by Different Nickel-titanium Alloys. J Endod. 2017;43(7):1186–91. doi:10.1016/J.JOEN.2017.03.008.
28. De-Deus G, Silva EJNL, Vieira VTL, Belladonna FG, Elias CN, Plotino G, et al. Blue Thermomechanical Treatment Optimizes Fatigue Resistance and Flexibility of the Reciproc Files. J Endod. 2017;43(3):462–6. doi:10.1016/J.JOEN.2016.10.039.
29. Abdulkareem T, Jamal M, Atmeh A, Elbishari H, Khamis AH, Kim HC, et al. Investigation of Static versus Dynamic Cyclic Fatigue Resistance in NiTi Endodontic Instruments with Different Alloy Treatments at Body Temperature. J Endod. 2026;52(1):119–24. doi:10.1016/J.JOEN.2025.09.004.
30. Silva EJNL, Martins JNR, Alcalde MP, Versiani MA. Assessing the fatigue resistance of NiTi instruments: A DSC-based approach to understanding temperature effects. Int Endod J. 2025;58(8):1267–76. doi:10.1111/iej.14257.
31. de Oliveira Neto RS, da Silva GF, Nespeque Correa DR, Vivan RR, Alcalde MP, Hungaro Duarte MA. Impact of metallurgical and geometric characteristics on cyclic fatigue resistance of three thermally treated NiTi rotary instruments. J Clin Exp Dent. 2026;18(4):e510–7. doi:10.4317/jced.63479.
32. Kim E, Ha JH, Dorn SO, Shen Y, Kim HC, Kwak SW. Effect of Heat Treatment on Mechanical Properties of Nickel-Titanium Instruments. J Endod. 2024;50(2):213–9. doi:10.1016/J.JOEN.2023.10.018.
33. de Oliveira Neto RS, Alcalde MP, Titato PCG, Calefi PHS, Ramos CAS, da Silva GF, et al. Shaping ability and cyclic fatigue resistance between Genius ProFlex, ZenFlex, and TruNatomy rotary systems: an experimental study. Restor Dent Endod. 2025;50(1):e9. doi:10.5395/rde.2025.50.e9.
34. Anderson ME, Price JWH, Parashos P. Fracture resistance of electropolished rotary nickel-titanium endodontic instruments. J Endod. 2007;33(10):1212–6. doi:10.1016/J.JOEN.2007.07.007.
35. Martins JNR, Silva EJNL, Marques D, Belladonna FG, Simões-Carvalho M, da Costa RP, et al. Comparison of five rotary systems regarding design, metallurgy, mechanical performance, and canal preparation-a multimethod research. Clin Oral Investig. 2022;26(3):3299–310. doi:10.1007/S00784-021-04311-X.
36. Sánchez P, Vidi B, Mena-Alvarez J, Gil J, Rico C, Aragoneses JM. Effect of Stabilized Martensite on the Long-Term Performance of Superelastic NiTi Endodontic Files. Materials (Basel). 2023;16(11):4089. doi: 10.3390/ma16114089.
37. Unal M, Cakici EB. Comparison of Design, Cyclic Fatigue Resistance, and Metallurgical Properties of Original, Replica-Like, and Counterfeit Nickel-Titanium Files. Microsc Res Tech. 2026;89(1):87–99. doi:10.1002/JEMT.70061.
38. Keskin NB, Inan U. Cyclic fatigue resistance of rotary NiTi instruments produced with four different manufacturing methods. Microsc Res Tech. 2019;82(10):1642–8. doi:10.1002/JEMT.23330.
39. Larsen CM, Watanabe I, Glickman GN, He J. Cyclic fatigue analysis of a new generation of nickel titanium rotary instruments. J Endod. 2009;35(3):401–3. doi:10.1016/J.JOEN.2008.12.010.
40. Hou XM, Yahata Y, Hayashi Y, Ebihara A, Hanawa T, Suda H. Phase transformation behaviour and bending property of twisted nickel-titanium endodontic instruments. Int Endod J. 2011;44(3):253–8. doi:10.1111/J.1365-2591.
41. Braga LC, Magalhães RRS, Nakagawa RKL, Puente CG, Buono VTL, Bahia MGA. Physical and mechanical properties of twisted or ground nickel–titanium instruments. Int Endod J. 2013;46(5):458–65. doi:10.1111/IEJ.12011.
42. Aminsobhani M, Khalatbari MS, Meraji N, Ghorbanzadeh A, Sadri E. Evaluation of the Fractured Surface of Five Endodontic Rotary Instruments: A Metallurgical Study. Iran Endod J. 2016;11(4):286-292. doi: 10.22037/iej.2016.6.
43. Shim KS, Oh S, Kum K, Kim YC, Jee KK, Chang SW. Mechanical and Metallurgical Properties of Various Nickel-Titanium Rotary Instruments. Biomed Res Int. 2017;2017:4528601. doi: 10.1155/2017/4528601.
44. Lopes HP, Gambarra-Soares T, Elias CN, Siqueira JF, Inojosa IFJ, Lopes WSP, et al. Comparison of the mechanical properties of rotary instruments made of conventional nickel-titanium wire, M-wire, or nickel-titanium alloy in R-phase. J Endod. 2013;39(4):516–520. doi:10.1016/J.JOEN.2012.12.006.
45. Zhou HM, Shen Y, Zheng W, Li L, Zheng YF, Haapasalo M. Mechanical properties of controlled memory and superelastic nickel-titanium wires used in the manufacture of rotary endodontic instruments. J Endod. 2012;38(11):1535–1540. doi:10.1016/J.JOEN.2012.07.006.
46. Silva EJNL, Cardoso TO, Martins JNR, Fernandes FMB, Vieira VTL, Versiani MA. Influence of Dual Heat Treatment on the Metallurgy and Mechanical Behaviour of Diamond-Like Carbon-Coated NiTi Rotary Systems: A Multimethod Investigation. Int Endod J. 2026;59(4):708–717. doi:10.1111/iej.70089.
47. El Abed R, Atmeh AR, Jamal M, Al Jadaa A, El-Faraj H, Amer ARB, Al Omari T. The impact of alloy treatment on the dynamic cyclic fatigue resistance of triangular base cross-section NiTi endodontic instruments. Odontology. 2025. doi: 10.1007/s10266-025-01230-1.
48. Van Pham K. Differential scanning calorimetric investigations of three rotary nickel-titanium instrument systems before and after simulated clinical uses. BMC Oral Health. 2021;21(1):488. doi: 10.1186/s12903-021-01857-w.
49. Stošić N, Popović J, Apostolović MA, Mitić A, Nikolić M, Barac R, et al. Effects of Autoclave Sterilization on Cyclic Fatigue Resistance in 5 Types of Rotary Endodontic Instruments: An In Vitro Study. Med Sci Monit. 2023;29:e939694-1. doi:10.12659/MSM.939694.
50. Ribeiro Camargo C, Bittencourt T, Hasna A, Palo R, Talge Carvalho C, Valera M. Cyclic fatigue, torsional failure, and flexural resistance of rotary and reciprocating instruments. J Conserv Dent. 2020;23(4):364–9. doi:10.4103/JCD.JCD_409_20.
51. Acosta ECP, Resende PD, Peixoto IF da C, Pereira ÉSJ, Buono VTL, Bahia MG de A. Influence of Cyclic Flexural Deformation on the Torsional Resistance of Controlled Memory and Conventional Nickel-titanium Instruments. J Endod. 2017;43(4):613–8. doi:10.1016/J.JOEN.2016.11.007.
52. Campbell L, Shen Y, Zhou HM, Haapasalo M. Effect of fatigue on torsional failure of nickel-titanium controlled memory instruments. J Endod. 2014;40(4):562–5. doi:10.1016/J.JOEN.2013.12.035.
53. Plotino G, Grande NM, Cotti E, Testarelli L, Gambarini G. Blue treatment enhances cyclic fatigue resistance of vortex nickel-titanium rotary files. J Endod. 2014;40(9):1451–3. doi:10.1016/J.JOEN.2014.02.020.
54. Martins JNR, Silva EJNL, Marques D, Pinto R, Francisco H, Ajuz N, et al. Characterization of four heat-treated reciprocating instruments: Design, metallurgy, mechanical performance, and irrigation flow patterns. Int Endod J. 2023;56(11):1412–28. doi:10.1111/IEJ.13971.
55. Shen Y, Zhou H, Coil JM, Aljazaeri B, Buttar R, Wang Z, et al. ProFile Vortex and Vortex Blue Nickel-Titanium Rotary Instruments after Clinical Use. J Endod. 2015;41(6):937–42. doi:10.1016/J.JOEN.2015.02.003.
56. Hieawy A, Haapasalo M, Zhou H, Wang ZJ, Shen Y. Phase Transformation Behavior and Resistance to Bending and Cyclic Fatigue of ProTaper Gold and ProTaper Universal Instruments. J Endod. 2015;41(7):1134–8. doi:10.1016/J.JOEN.2015.02.030.
57. Topçuoğlu HS, Topçuoğlu G. Cyclic Fatigue Resistance of Reciproc Blue and Reciproc Files in an S-shaped Canal. J Endod. 2017;43(10):1679–82. doi:10.1016/J.JOEN.2017.04.009.
58. Özyürek T, Yılmaz K, Uslu G. The effects of autoclave sterilization on the cyclic fatigue resistance of ProTaper Universal, ProTaper Next, and ProTaper Gold nickel-titanium instruments. Restor Dent Endod. 2017;42(4):301. doi:10.5395/RDE.2017.42.4.301.
59. Vieira ART, Silva GF da, Amoroso-Silva PA, Vivan RR, Lima TO, Oliveira MCG de, et al. Influence of gold and blue heat treatments on mechanical properties and phase transformation behavior of flat-designed rotary instruments. Braz Dent Sci. 2025;28(2). doi:10.4322/BDS.2025.E4638
60. Alkahtany SM, Alfadhel R, AlOmair A, Durayhim S Bin. Characteristics and Effectiveness of XP-Endo Files and Systems: A Narrative Review. Int J Dent. 2024;2024(1):9412427. doi:10.1155/IJOD/9412427.
61. Silva EJNL, Vieira VTL, Belladonna FG, Zuolo A de S, Antunes H dos S, Cavalcante DM, et al. Cyclic and Torsional Fatigue Resistance of XP-endo Shaper and TRUShape Instruments. J Endod. 2018;44(1):168–72. doi:10.1016/J.JOEN.2017.08.033.
62. Keskin C, Inan U, Guler DH, Kalyoncuoğlu E. Cyclic Fatigue Resistance of XP-Endo Shaper, K3XF, and ProTaper Gold Nickel-titanium Instruments. J Endod. 2018;44(7):1164–7. doi:10.1016/J.JOEN.2018.04.005.
63. Elnaghy A, Elsaka S. Cyclic fatigue resistance of XP-endo Shaper compared with different nickel-titanium alloy instruments. Clin Oral Investig. 2018;22(3):1433–7. doi:10.1007/S00784-017-2245-5.
64. Pirani C, Iacono F, Generali L, Sassatelli P, Nucci C, Lusvarghi L, et al. HyFlex EDM: superficial features, metallurgical analysis and fatigue resistance of innovative electro discharge machined NiTi rotary instruments. Int Endod J. 2016;49(5):483–93. doi:10.1111/IEJ.12470.
65. Pedullà E, Lo Savio F, Boninelli S, Plotino G, Grande NM, La Rosa G, et al. Torsional and Cyclic Fatigue Resistance of a New Nickel-Titanium Instrument Manufactured by Electrical Discharge Machining. J Endod. 2016;42(1):156–9. doi:10.1016/J.JOEN.2015.10.004.
66. Gündoğar M, Özyürek T. Cyclic Fatigue Resistance of OneShape, HyFlex EDM, WaveOne Gold, and Reciproc Blue Nickel-titanium Instruments. J Endod. 2017;43(7):1192–6. doi:10.1016/J.JOEN.2017.03.009.
67. Kaval ME, Capar ID, Ertas H. Evaluation of the Cyclic Fatigue and Torsional Resistance of Novel Nickel-Titanium Rotary Files with Various Alloy Properties. J Endod. 2016;42(12):1840–3. doi:10.1016/J.JOEN.2016.07.015.
68. Tadano JP, Alcalde MP, Limoeiro AG, Oliveira-Neto RS, Galvão PT, Da Silva GF, et al. Impact of different cross.section designs of rotary instruments on smear layer removal, cyclic and torsional fatigue resistance: In vitro study. Saudi Endodontic Journal. 2026;16(1):106–14. doi:10.4103/SEJ.SEJ_160_25
69. Aranguren J, Galvan G, Bonilla C, Tosco V, Pérez AR, Malvicini G. Mechanical Performance of Two NiTi Rotary Files: Effects of Alloy and Design on Fatigue, Torsion, Bending, and Fracture Behavior. Microsc Res Tech. 2026;89(4):565-577. doi: 10.1002/jemt.70093.
70. Faus-Llácer V, Hamoud-Kharrat N, Marhuenda Ramos MT, Faus-Matoses I, Zubizarreta-Macho Á, Ruiz Sánchez C, Faus-Matoses V. Influence of the Geometrical Cross-Section Design on the Dynamic Cyclic Fatigue Resistance of NiTi Endodontic Rotary Files-An In Vitro Study. J Clin Med. 2021;10(20):4713. doi: 10.3390/jcm10204713.
71. Vieira ART, Silva GFD, Silva EJNLD, Vivan RR, Amorim JVO, Lima TO, Neto RSO, Duarte MAH, Alcalde MP. Isolating design variables by assessing the impact of cross-section geometry on the mechanical performance of nickel-titanium rotary instruments: a comparative in vitro study. Restor Dent Endod. 2025;50(3):e28. doi: 10.5395/rde.2025.50.e28.
72. Sales de Oliveira Neto R, da Rocha Tavares Duarte R, Hungaro Duarte MA, Ferreira da Silva G, Priori Alcalde M, Rigoldi Bonjardim L. Impact of Repeated Use on Cyclic and Torsional Fatigue of 3 Rotary Files: Implications for Clinical Safety. J Endod. 2025;51(7):954–62. doi:10.1016/J.JOEN.2025.04.008.
73. Bürklein S, Zupanc L, Donnermeyer D, Tegtmeyer K, Schäfer E. Effect of Core Mass and Alloy on Cyclic Fatigue Resistance of Different Nickel-Titanium Endodontic Instruments in Matching Artificial Canals. Materials (Basel). 2021;14(19):5734. doi: 10.3390/ma14195734.
74. Roda-Casanova V, Pérez-González A, Zubizarreta-Macho A, Faus-Matoses V. Influence of Cross-Section and Pitch on the Mechanical Response of NiTi Endodontic Files under Bending and Torsional Conditions-A Finite Element Analysis. J Clin Med. 2022;11(9). doi:10.3390/JCM11092642.
75. Martins JNR, Silva EJNL, Rito Pereira M, Marques D, Pinto R, Baruwa AO, et al. Characterising 12 NiTi Reciprocating Systems: An Integrative Laboratorial Analysis of Design, Mechanics, Metallurgy, Fluid Dynamics and Finite Element Analysis. Int Endod J. 2025;58(11):1783–98. doi:10.1111/IEJ.70010.
76. Tabassum S, Zafar K, Umer F. Nickel-Titanium Rotary File Systems: What's New? Eur Endod J. 2019;4(3):111-117. doi: 10.14744/eej.2019.80664.
77. Fukumori Y, Nishijyo M, Tokita D, Miyara K, Ebihara A, Okiji T. Comparative analysis of mechanical properties of differently tapered nickeltitanium endodontic rotary instruments. Dent Mater J. 2018;37(4):667–74. doi:10.4012/DMJ.2017-312.
78. He R, Ni J. Design improvement and failure reduction of endodontic files through finite element analysis: application to V-Taper file designs. J Endod. 2010;36(9):1552-7. doi: 10.1016/j.joen.2010.06.002.
79. Ahn S, Ha JH, Kwak SW, Kim HC. Advancement of Mechanical Properties of Nickel-Titanium Rotary Endodontic Instruments by Spring Machining on the File Shaft. Materials (Basel). 2020;13(22):1–8. doi:10.3390/MA13225246.
80. Kamali SG, Turkaydin D. Cyclic fatigue resistance and shaping ability of heat-treated nickel-titanium instruments after repeated use. Niger J Clin Pract. 1o de fevereiro de 2021;24(2):247–53. doi:10.4103/NJCP.NJCP_166_20.
81. Tres L, Só GB, de Oliveira Neto RS, Duarte MAH, Troian-Michel CH, da Rosa RA, Alcalde MP, Só MVR. Beyond S-cross section design: mechanical properties, metallurgical features and shaping ability of two nickel-titanium rotary instruments in double curved canals. Clin Oral Investig. 2026;30(6):258. doi: 10.1007/s00784-026-06953-1.
Details
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Raimundo Sales de Oliveira Neto, Guilherme Ferreira da Silva, Abel Victor Isidro Teves Cordova, Diego Rafael Nespeque Correa, Murilo Priori Alcalde, Marco Antonio Hungaro Duarte
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Articles published in the Brazilian Endodontic Journal — BEJ are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License — CC BY 4.0.
This license allows use, sharing, distribution, reproduction and adaptation of the published content in any medium or format, provided that appropriate credit is given to the original authors and to the journal, a link to the license is provided, and any changes made are indicated.
Authors retain copyright of their work and grant BEJ the right of first publication.
